Expediente, accompanied by cover sheets, concerning formation of a Comanche Poblacion, San Carlos de los Yupes, near Napestle to discuss site of new Poblacion; reports of progress in construction and settlement; aid from Spaniards in construction of village; Ugarte's support of Anza's actions and orders to Anza's successor Concha to continue efforts; resentment among Indians and methods of encouraging them to resettle; relations between Comanches and Saguaguanas; continuing hostility between Comanches and Apaches; Comanche participation in military campaigns; avoidance of unnecessary expenditures in Poblacion project; suggestion by Ugarte to establish similar Poblacion for Yutas; discussion of reasons for resettling Indians; conversion of Indians to catholicism; discussion of funding for these projects; ff. 508-510 is a Cuenta, including a table of accounts of costs incurred in the project compiled in response to Posada' request; discussion of abandonment of San Carlos settlement by Comanches after the death of one of Parauanarimuco's women, and superstitions which led to abandonment; impossibility of convincing Comanches to reoccupy site; discussion of funding of project using special funds (See also this volume, ff. 043-070) suggestion from Ugarte to occupy site with Spaniards; includes draft of letter from Florez to Ugarte containing orders to this effect; discussion of Comanches' resistance to reoccupation of site and other difficulties; suggestion from Ugarte that this type of project not be repeated. (W. Copas, June 1988)

Expediente, accompanied by cover sheet, consisting of letters concerning peaceful relations with Comanches and continuing war Lipanes in Coahuila, and peaceful overtures by Lipanes in Nueva Mexico; request by Lipanes to open commerce; discussion of past betrayals of trust by Lipanes and other Apache groups; discussion of tendency of Apaches to renew hostilities after peaceful meetings with Spaniards; importance of maintaining peace with Comanches, Yutas, Navajos, and Jicarillas; orders from Ugarte to Concha to disregard overtures made by enemy groups of Apaches (gilenos, Pharaones, Natagees, Mescaleros, Lipiyanes, Lipanes, or any other Apache group except Jicarillas); successful military campaigns in Sonora and Nueva Vizcaya in 1787; threat to peace between Spaniards and Comanches if Spaniards make peace with Apaches; discussion of campaigns by Spaniards and Comanches against Apaches and importance of Indian auxiliaries; treatment of Apache prisoners; detailed description of campaign by Ysampampi against Apaches, including numbers killed or captured; Florez's approval of Ugarte's policies; ff. 333-338 is a detaile journal of a campaign against Apaches in October-November 1788, including a table (f. 333v) of company strengths; Florez's commendation of three soldiers who distinguished themselves in this campaign;orders from Ugarte to Concha regarding future campaigns, and Florez's response to these orders. (W. Copas, may 1988)

Letters, accompanied by a cover sheet, from Ugarte to Anza and the marques de Sonora concerning establishment of peace with Comanches and Yutas, Ugarte's support of Anza's actions, continuing negotiations between Spaniards and Comanches, orders from Ugarte to Anza regarding policy, value of Ecueracapa's services and his salary, arrangements for the placement of Spanish officials near rancherias, ongoing negotiations in Texas providing Indians with interpreters, continuing war between Spaniards and Apaches, treatment of captive children and adults, conversion of non-christian Indians, instruction of Indians in Spanish language and customs, acculturation of Indian children, commerce with Indians, warlike nature and customs of Comanches, efforts to convince Comanches to practice agriculture, supplies of money and livestock for Indians, and description of ornamentation and appearance of Comanche men and women meeting with Ugarte. (W. Copas, April 1988)

Expediente accompanied by cover sheet and index concerning establishment and maintenance of peace with Comanches and Yutas. Ff. 73-76 is an informe from Ugarte, accompanied by a cover sheet, reporting progress in these efforts to the king. Mention of ongoing problems with Navajos and Apaches, who are still enemies. Ff. 77-115 is a relacion giving a detailed account of efforts to establish peace from November 1785- June 1786.topics espionage between Spaniards and Indians, improving relations with yupas, relations between Pueblo groups and Comanches, terms of the peace, trade, joint expeditions against the Apaches, fairs held to celebrate peace, and similar efforts in Texas. Ff. 116-119 is an informe by Ortiz describing his role in these efforts. Mention of a minor raid by Comanches resulting in the loss of some horses and steps taken by Spaniards and Comanches to correct situation. Discussion of names of Yamparicas used by different Indian groups. Description of several rancherias visited by Ortiz, including housing and estimates of livestock. F. 120 is a table listing Indian capitanes presented at Pecos Pueblo and Santa Fe during 1786, along with the size of their rancherias. Spanish translations of their Indian names are included. F. 121 is another table of minor capitanes involved. Ff. 122-123 is a compilation of the terms of peace, including Ecueracapa's proposals, Anza's responses, and Ugarte's resolutions. Includes a list of Indians ratifying treaty. (W. Copas, April 1988)

Diarios of tercera compania volante de Cavalleria de Nuevo Santander with some interesting accounts of pacification of indios Gandules involving passing out cigars to everyone (ff. 236-240); accounts of various Indian Robos and attacks on travelers (including two women); mention of wars between Comanches and Mescaleros, between Lipanes and Comanches; also mention some trade items of Indians; diarios followed by military rolls and tables of debts and credits. (D. J. McClelland, September 1988)

Letter to viceroy with account by Gallardo of exploration in California, pacification of Indians, discovery of los Angeles bay, establishment and construction of Santa Gertrudis mission; his return and imprisonment by capitan of garrison in conjunction with two missionaries and his ruin when captain of garrison stole his papers and wife's jewelry; missionaries promised him death if truth was ever known. Includes detailed ethnography of area explored with accounts of richness to be found in water, pasture and fertile lands. (A. Dell'acqua, November 1987)

Concerns recent Indian raids and appearance of a Spanish youth (age 16) who has escaped from Apaches; Perez describes his life during two and a half year captivity that he has suffered; he notes many details about Apache daily life; including; bison and deer hunting; use of skin clothing and lack of corn. (J. Williams, March 1987)

Virrey acknowledges Fayni's report of Alamo's activity near Chihuahua; asserts that horses improve efficiency. Has asked Escorza to reimburse Fayni for campaign expense of remounts. Fayni reports success in suppressing Tepehuanes rebellion; but increased Indian activity in north. Trevino pleas for fugitive Indians, asking Fayni to pardon Indians for their coarseness and imperfections. Trevino remarks on adequacy of priest's salaries. (S. Gibbs, October 1987)

Retiring governor Cuerbo y Valdes gives information about state of New Mexico, describes pacification of Moquis and how Zunis describe themselves in a painted cross handed to him and later sent to viceroy confirming peace agreements. (A. Dell'acqua, may 1987

Describes geographical range Pimeria Alta missions. Speaks of continuing Apache menace. Notes depopulation of area due to diseases, Apache attacks. Discusses temporal affairs of missions, including livestock raising, planting communal fields maize, wheat, and vegetables, which feeds widows, sick, military escorts, mission Indians during lean months of April, May, and June, thereby inducing Indians to remain in pueblos instead of wild-food gathering. Notes sale of surplus to mines/presidios to purchase church supplies, barter goods. Notes decline of mission agriculture last 8 years due to lack of seeds, decline of Cieneguilla mines, and increased number of farmers. States mission business is conducted by Indian governors under missionaries' guidance. Describes architecture of Indian houses; agriculture, including cultivation of pomegranates, quinces, cotton, and sugar cane as well as shrubs of gomilla, jojoba, both of which used medicinally. Describes herbs used, including indigo (anil), gediondilla, zimarron, contra yerba. Claims 2 harvests pithaya per year in west. Notes presence gypsum, lime, piedra bezal found in deer, especially those killed near coast. Says province is covered with grama grass, thereby providing forage for much livestock. Describes climate, mineral wealth, including real of Cieneguilla, only settlement of Spaniards in Pimeria Alta. Describes settlements. Tiburones described as Seri groups. Describes excellent salt fields along coast. Describes port of Tepoca/pearl beds nearby. Notes presence of subterranean water. Says Papagos come to missions to sell young boys captured in slave raids carried out by interior nations; these slaves called Vijoras (Nixoras). No active commerce carried on by Indians. Describes uses of cotton. Says Pimas are good farmers, growing wheat, maize, squash, cotton. During harvests, many traders arrive to barter cloth, etc. for produce. Says Pimas stay in pueblos, not like Yaquis and many Opatas who wander (probably to work in mines). Discusses reasons why missions should not be secularized. Estimates Gila Pima population at 2,000. Compares Pimas favorably to Opatas, who no longer respect missionaries. Describes temporary nature of Spanish settlement of Sonora, Pimeria Alta. Says 8 leagues from Aconchi, the San Juan mine, full of water, is abandoned now. Discusses precautions necessary for populating Sonora. Encourages development of Tepoca, Guaymas to give Sonora easy access to sea, Tiburon Island as way station for transportation of livestock. Discusses need to develop educational facilities, including primary schools at Indian settlements. Notes belief among Opatas at Aconchi in Montezuma, who they claimed was their king and had risen and appeared in mountains. Describes his school, which taught girls as well as boys to read, write. (T. Sheridan) (1976)